I would expect that the company has got a process in place for that. Something like a Personal Development Plan, where you set objectives for the year, and have regular check-in meetings on them.
By the sound of it that isn’t the case? My best advice would be to find a plan/method that works for you, propose that to your boss to get their buy-in.
For me career development needs to come from both sides; yourself and the manager. But I think you need to play the more active role in it.
I’ve been very lucky with the last few managers I had (and currently have). At the beginning of the year objectives are set, and have weekly check in meetings where these objectives periodically get reviewed. On top of that, I have informal conversations where we talk about where I would like to see myself in medium and long term.